The history of the Belgian Shepherd Dog
by Erna Bossi, The Belgian Shepherd Dog and Its History
When the inhabitants of Europe began to breed sheep and wandered through the wide open spaces with their great flocks, they had a true and hard-working friend by their sides to help them keep the flocks together and protect them, the Shepherd Dog. Depending on the region this dog was larger or smaller. So in regions where wolves or even bears had to be borne in mind as enemies of the sheep the dog was big and strong so that he could do battle against these sheepstealers. Mostly, however, he was of medium size with shaggy hair to protect him against harm from the weather.
Towards the end of the 19th century there lived in Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Hungary, etc. huge flocks of sheep, cared for by shepherds with their dogs. This was the era in which little by little the customary breeds of shepherd´s and herdsmand´s dogs as we know them today became crystallised. In Germany the German Shepherd Dog, in France the Briard, Picard, Beauceron and in those southerly regions by the Spanish frontier the Pyrenean Mountain Dogs, in Italy the Maremma, in Hungary the Puli, the Kuvasz, etc.
The shepherds in Belgian countries kept at that time a rather smaller shepherd dog about 50 to 55 cm high which ate little and did not weigh 20 Kg. These dogs were very high spirited and circled their flocks unceasingly with tireless movement, always ready to defend their trust against all and sundry. They were devoted to the shepherds but suspicious of strangers and held back from them.
The head of this shepherd dog was rather similar to that of the wild dog or wolf, only the fangs were less strong and somewhat more pointed. The ears were small and triangular, set high and often carried slightly forward. The eyes were dark, slightly almond shaped, the expression lively, intelligent and very attentive. The body was squarish and the bone structure light. Its gait was dancing and its movement regular. A lively fellow, happy, persevering and economical.
Professor Reul of the Veterinary Institute in Cureghem occupied himself a great deal with this Shepherd Dog type and on the 15th November 1891 called together the herdsmen and owners of such dogs in order to express and opinion on the dogs. Over 100 dogs were then brought before him. The colours of these dogs were very varied, from black to grey or brown in all shades and the coats were just as varied. There were long-haired, rough-haired and short-haired. Nevertheless the long-haired were mostly black, seldom brown or of odd colour, the rough-haired were mostly greyish and the short-haired were for the most part brown or beige, maily with a dark mask. Professor Reul told these owners what he proposed as the ideal type and recommended them only to mate those of the same coat type together, without regard to the colour. Thus amateurs and herdsmen bred for eight years according to his advice and also according to their judgement. Then the Club for Belgian Shepherd Dogs was formed and the shepherd dog of that time chosen as the National Dog. However, the newly drawn up standard, against the wish of Professor Reul, only allowed further breeding with long-haired blacks, short-haired red-browns and rough-haired greys. But the owners of brown or grey long-haired, brown rough-haired or black and grey short-haired were not agreeable that they suddenly might not breed from their dogs and founded a dissident club which was very active and productive. This Club was affiliated to the Belgian Kennel Club, forerunner of the Societe Royale St.Hubert. Each Club ran its own breed register. However, after a couple of years all breeders combined again and it was decided that breeding should take place in the following breed types:
- BLACK, long-haired with the name GROENENDAEL
- RED-BROWN, long-haired with dark overlay with the name TERVUEREN
- RED-BROWN, short-haired with the name MALINOIS
- GREY or RED-BROWN, rought-haired with the name LAEKEN
The different varieties were named after the villages round Brussel as most of the breeders lived there at that time.
Then came the Great War of 1914*1918. Belgium was occupied by the Germans and under those deadful conditions it was hardly possible any longer for breeders to keep several dogs and the work of past years was lost. Many good breed dogs disappeared and only in secret did one or two breeders succeed in keeping and feeding one or perhaps two dogs. When the horrors and wretchedness of the was were over, it required several years again to breed good offspring from the dogs which had survived the war. In the thirties one frist saw again larger numbers, chiefly Groenendaels, at the shows. They were of good quality and showed an excellent type though somewhat larger and heavier-boned that the pre-war dogs but in general of elegant appearance.
On the 8th February 1920 the breeders met under the patronage of the Societe Royale St.Hubert. It was considered necessary to ease the breeding regulations in order to broaden the basis of the breed, as the was had left big gaps in the breeding stock. Thus the following points were fixed.
1. The Retention of the Four Varieties:
GROENENDAEL - black, long haired
TERVUEREN - red-brown, long haired
MALINOIS - red-brown, short haired
LAEKEN - grey, rough haired
2. The recognition of Belgian Shepherd Dogs which were neither black nor red-brown but which conformed excellently to the Standard.
3. The recognition of inter-breeding of different colours but similar coat.
4. The recognition of inter-breeding of short and rough-haired.
On the 22nd October 1929 the black short-haired were also recognised, as also the interbreeding between the black and brown Malinois. In the red.brown and grey dogs a dark mask was desired. The dogs were bred somewhat larger as after the war there was no longer difficulty in feeding and the dollowing measurements were valid: 55-65 cm for dogs, 52-60 cm for bitches. The C.A.C.I.B. was awarded singly in each colour at Shows.
From 1939 to 1945 a world war again raged over Eutope and once again valuable breeding stock was destroyed, for Belgium was occupied anew by the Germans and only with craft and difficulty could food enough for a couple of dogs be obtained. Nevertheless hardly had the war ended when the breeders combined to take the necessary measures to continue breeding.
The standard laid down on the 21st October 1945 was adapted from that of February 1920, the colour divisions and interbreeding between the various colour and coat types were also allowed. Only the height measurement was altered: size for dogs 62 cm, for bitches 58 cm, with a tolerance of 2 cm minus and 4 cm plus.
From the 1st January 1966 the F.C.I. (Federation Cynologique Internationale) allowed only 4 C.A.C.I.B.s (qualifying for the International Beauty Champion´s title) for the Belgian Shepherd Dogs, for which reason they were divided at shows into the following types:
- GROENENDAEL - black, long haired, 1 C.A.C.I.B.
- OTHER COLOURS - red-brown, beige, grey, mixed colours, long haired, 1 C.A.C.I.B.
- MALINOIS - red-brown, grey, black, short haired, 1 C.A.C.I.B.
- LAEKEN - red-brown, grey, rough haired, 1 C.A.C.I.B.
At the begining of 1973 Belgium as a country of origin of the breed again issued new rules, which read as follows:
1. Cross-breeding between the different varieties is no longer allowed
2. Cross-breeding between the different varieties may possible be allowed in exceptional circumstances with the permission of the breed council of the country of origin. The products of such cross breeding shall only be entered in the appendix of the breed register.
3. The off-spring of cross-breeding before December 1972 will be provisionally entered in the breed register. In general, however, it is advisable to refrain from cross-breeding between the various coat and colour type.
Should such cross-breeding be made with the permission of the Breed Council in order to improve the breed, the offspring will be registered in the appendix of the Breed Register until the outcome in colour and coat is seen in the third generation. Request for crossing must be submitted to the relevant Breed Council three months beforehand and the motive must, at the same time, be given. Further, photocopies of the pedigrees of the parent animals must be included. The offspring of such crossing will be subjected to an official examination which will decide whether they should be used for further breeding. All breeders in other countries must also accept the decision from Belgium if they wish to undertake cross-breeding, as the Belgian Breed Council is the only authority for all countries. In this connection it is to be observed that France now, as before, does not care about these decrees, undertakes cross-breeding between the various colours with the greatest success and furthermore shows the finest Belgian Shepherd Dogs. With this new ruling from Belgium one is back to the old breed rule again, for once again only four varieties will be recognised.
- GROENENDAEL - black, long haired
- TERVUEREN - red-brown with overlay and dark mask, long haired
- MALINOIS - red-brown with dark mask, short haired
- LAEKEN - red-brown, rough haired
From 1978 the FCI recognised the following colours:
- GROENENDAEL - black, long haired
- TERVUEREN - all shades of red and grey, with overlay and dark mask, long haired
- MALINOIS - red-brown with dark mask, short haired
- LAEKEN - red-brown, rough haired
Inter-Variety breeding is permitted on application.
Towards the end of the 19th century there lived in Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Hungary, etc. huge flocks of sheep, cared for by shepherds with their dogs. This was the era in which little by little the customary breeds of shepherd´s and herdsmand´s dogs as we know them today became crystallised. In Germany the German Shepherd Dog, in France the Briard, Picard, Beauceron and in those southerly regions by the Spanish frontier the Pyrenean Mountain Dogs, in Italy the Maremma, in Hungary the Puli, the Kuvasz, etc.
The shepherds in Belgian countries kept at that time a rather smaller shepherd dog about 50 to 55 cm high which ate little and did not weigh 20 Kg. These dogs were very high spirited and circled their flocks unceasingly with tireless movement, always ready to defend their trust against all and sundry. They were devoted to the shepherds but suspicious of strangers and held back from them.
The head of this shepherd dog was rather similar to that of the wild dog or wolf, only the fangs were less strong and somewhat more pointed. The ears were small and triangular, set high and often carried slightly forward. The eyes were dark, slightly almond shaped, the expression lively, intelligent and very attentive. The body was squarish and the bone structure light. Its gait was dancing and its movement regular. A lively fellow, happy, persevering and economical.
Professor Reul of the Veterinary Institute in Cureghem occupied himself a great deal with this Shepherd Dog type and on the 15th November 1891 called together the herdsmen and owners of such dogs in order to express and opinion on the dogs. Over 100 dogs were then brought before him. The colours of these dogs were very varied, from black to grey or brown in all shades and the coats were just as varied. There were long-haired, rough-haired and short-haired. Nevertheless the long-haired were mostly black, seldom brown or of odd colour, the rough-haired were mostly greyish and the short-haired were for the most part brown or beige, maily with a dark mask. Professor Reul told these owners what he proposed as the ideal type and recommended them only to mate those of the same coat type together, without regard to the colour. Thus amateurs and herdsmen bred for eight years according to his advice and also according to their judgement. Then the Club for Belgian Shepherd Dogs was formed and the shepherd dog of that time chosen as the National Dog. However, the newly drawn up standard, against the wish of Professor Reul, only allowed further breeding with long-haired blacks, short-haired red-browns and rough-haired greys. But the owners of brown or grey long-haired, brown rough-haired or black and grey short-haired were not agreeable that they suddenly might not breed from their dogs and founded a dissident club which was very active and productive. This Club was affiliated to the Belgian Kennel Club, forerunner of the Societe Royale St.Hubert. Each Club ran its own breed register. However, after a couple of years all breeders combined again and it was decided that breeding should take place in the following breed types:
- BLACK, long-haired with the name GROENENDAEL
- RED-BROWN, long-haired with dark overlay with the name TERVUEREN
- RED-BROWN, short-haired with the name MALINOIS
- GREY or RED-BROWN, rought-haired with the name LAEKEN
The different varieties were named after the villages round Brussel as most of the breeders lived there at that time.
Then came the Great War of 1914*1918. Belgium was occupied by the Germans and under those deadful conditions it was hardly possible any longer for breeders to keep several dogs and the work of past years was lost. Many good breed dogs disappeared and only in secret did one or two breeders succeed in keeping and feeding one or perhaps two dogs. When the horrors and wretchedness of the was were over, it required several years again to breed good offspring from the dogs which had survived the war. In the thirties one frist saw again larger numbers, chiefly Groenendaels, at the shows. They were of good quality and showed an excellent type though somewhat larger and heavier-boned that the pre-war dogs but in general of elegant appearance.
On the 8th February 1920 the breeders met under the patronage of the Societe Royale St.Hubert. It was considered necessary to ease the breeding regulations in order to broaden the basis of the breed, as the was had left big gaps in the breeding stock. Thus the following points were fixed.
1. The Retention of the Four Varieties:
GROENENDAEL - black, long haired
TERVUEREN - red-brown, long haired
MALINOIS - red-brown, short haired
LAEKEN - grey, rough haired
2. The recognition of Belgian Shepherd Dogs which were neither black nor red-brown but which conformed excellently to the Standard.
3. The recognition of inter-breeding of different colours but similar coat.
4. The recognition of inter-breeding of short and rough-haired.
On the 22nd October 1929 the black short-haired were also recognised, as also the interbreeding between the black and brown Malinois. In the red.brown and grey dogs a dark mask was desired. The dogs were bred somewhat larger as after the war there was no longer difficulty in feeding and the dollowing measurements were valid: 55-65 cm for dogs, 52-60 cm for bitches. The C.A.C.I.B. was awarded singly in each colour at Shows.
From 1939 to 1945 a world war again raged over Eutope and once again valuable breeding stock was destroyed, for Belgium was occupied anew by the Germans and only with craft and difficulty could food enough for a couple of dogs be obtained. Nevertheless hardly had the war ended when the breeders combined to take the necessary measures to continue breeding.
The standard laid down on the 21st October 1945 was adapted from that of February 1920, the colour divisions and interbreeding between the various colour and coat types were also allowed. Only the height measurement was altered: size for dogs 62 cm, for bitches 58 cm, with a tolerance of 2 cm minus and 4 cm plus.
From the 1st January 1966 the F.C.I. (Federation Cynologique Internationale) allowed only 4 C.A.C.I.B.s (qualifying for the International Beauty Champion´s title) for the Belgian Shepherd Dogs, for which reason they were divided at shows into the following types:
- GROENENDAEL - black, long haired, 1 C.A.C.I.B.
- OTHER COLOURS - red-brown, beige, grey, mixed colours, long haired, 1 C.A.C.I.B.
- MALINOIS - red-brown, grey, black, short haired, 1 C.A.C.I.B.
- LAEKEN - red-brown, grey, rough haired, 1 C.A.C.I.B.
At the begining of 1973 Belgium as a country of origin of the breed again issued new rules, which read as follows:
1. Cross-breeding between the different varieties is no longer allowed
2. Cross-breeding between the different varieties may possible be allowed in exceptional circumstances with the permission of the breed council of the country of origin. The products of such cross breeding shall only be entered in the appendix of the breed register.
3. The off-spring of cross-breeding before December 1972 will be provisionally entered in the breed register. In general, however, it is advisable to refrain from cross-breeding between the various coat and colour type.
Should such cross-breeding be made with the permission of the Breed Council in order to improve the breed, the offspring will be registered in the appendix of the Breed Register until the outcome in colour and coat is seen in the third generation. Request for crossing must be submitted to the relevant Breed Council three months beforehand and the motive must, at the same time, be given. Further, photocopies of the pedigrees of the parent animals must be included. The offspring of such crossing will be subjected to an official examination which will decide whether they should be used for further breeding. All breeders in other countries must also accept the decision from Belgium if they wish to undertake cross-breeding, as the Belgian Breed Council is the only authority for all countries. In this connection it is to be observed that France now, as before, does not care about these decrees, undertakes cross-breeding between the various colours with the greatest success and furthermore shows the finest Belgian Shepherd Dogs. With this new ruling from Belgium one is back to the old breed rule again, for once again only four varieties will be recognised.
- GROENENDAEL - black, long haired
- TERVUEREN - red-brown with overlay and dark mask, long haired
- MALINOIS - red-brown with dark mask, short haired
- LAEKEN - red-brown, rough haired
From 1978 the FCI recognised the following colours:
- GROENENDAEL - black, long haired
- TERVUEREN - all shades of red and grey, with overlay and dark mask, long haired
- MALINOIS - red-brown with dark mask, short haired
- LAEKEN - red-brown, rough haired
Inter-Variety breeding is permitted on application.
Malinois Background
At the first show at Cureghem, besides 40 long-hairs and 19 rough-hairs, there were also 33 short-haired Belgian Shepherd Dogs shown. In the dogs the first prize went to a red-brown, the second prize to the very strongly "overlaid" CHARLOT, and the third prize again to a red-brown dog. In the short-haired bitches a brindle won and in second and third places were two red-browns. One can see from these results that in the beginning the short-hairs were also being bred in all colours, although before long peoples suddenly tried to keep as far as possible to the red-brown colour. At that time there existed a dog from a brown brindle named SAMLO which was said to have been of extraordinary beauty. Samlo, mated to a grey bitch which on her side stemmed from a short-haired, brindled dam and a rought-haired sire, produced the prototype of the Malinois, the foundation dog of this variety. He was called TOMY and was an exceptional red-brown in colour with good overlay and dark mask.
Most breeders of the short-haired variety bred in Malines and its surroudings, whence the name of this coat type also originates. Thei dogs were mostly light red, almost yellow in colour. When these breeders saw this TOMMY, which so greatly outmatched his competitors in colour and build, they were so entranced with him that they mated their bitches to him. One of these was called CORA and out of her came a dog called TJOP, which certainly had the desired colour but was rather lacking in overlay and mask. He was well-built, elegant and also had the qualities of the working dog wich were then already much sought after. A year or two later another dog came into the limelight, called DEWET. He was closely related to Tjop, but was of rather pale colour with almost too strong overlay. But in any case these two stud dogs strongly influences the build-up of this variety.
Most breeders of the short-haired variety bred in Malines and its surroudings, whence the name of this coat type also originates. Thei dogs were mostly light red, almost yellow in colour. When these breeders saw this TOMMY, which so greatly outmatched his competitors in colour and build, they were so entranced with him that they mated their bitches to him. One of these was called CORA and out of her came a dog called TJOP, which certainly had the desired colour but was rather lacking in overlay and mask. He was well-built, elegant and also had the qualities of the working dog wich were then already much sought after. A year or two later another dog came into the limelight, called DEWET. He was closely related to Tjop, but was of rather pale colour with almost too strong overlay. But in any case these two stud dogs strongly influences the build-up of this variety.